Isolated cytokine receptor LICR-2

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to new members of the Class II cytokine receptor family, such as LICR-2. The new member binds to AK155, and mediates STAT activation.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to cytokine receptors. More particularly, itrelates to Class II-receptors, as well as their use. A new member of theClass II cytokine receptors, referred to as “LICR-2” has beenidentified.

BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART

Interleukin-10 (“IL-10” hereafter) is a major, anti-inflammatorycytokine, which was originally identified as a factor which inhibitedcytokine production by activated TH1 lymphocytes. See Moore, et al,Annu. Rev. Immunol 19:683 (2001), incorporated by reference, for areview discussing the molecule. Following the identification of IL-10,several additional cytokines, with varying degrees of homology to IL-10were identified. The first of these was named “mda-7”, an acronym for“melanocyte differentiation associated gene 7”, because its expressionwas upregulated during in vitro differentiation of a melanoma cell line.See Jiang, et al., Oncogene 11:2477 (1995). This protein exhibits 22%amino acid identity with IL-10, but it was not originally recognized asa secreted protein. Expression of mda-7 is reported to provokeirreversible growth arrest of tumors via induction of apoptosis ordifferentiation; however, it is not clear if this effect results from aparacrine loop that involves a classic cytokine receptor pathway, orfrom a cytoplasmic form of the mda-7 molecule. Recently, Schaefer, etal., J. Immunol 166:5859 (2001), identified the murine orthologue ofmda-7, as a TH2-specific cytokine, and named it “IL-4 induced secretedprotein,” or “FISP.” The rat counterpart, identified by Zhang, et al.,J. Biol. Chem 275:24436 (2000), is referred to as “mob5”, and isexpressed by intestinal epithelial cells upon ras activation. Zhang, etal. have suggested that mob5 plays a role in ras oncogene-mediatedneoplasia, through an autocrine loop involving a putative, ras-induciblecell surface receptor. Soo, et al., J. Cell Biochem. 74:1 (1999), havecloned the gene for mob 5 and determined that it is overexpressed in theskin during wound healing.

Both the IL-10 and mda-7 genes have been mapped to chromosome 1q31-32,which is a region where two other, IL-10 related genes are found, i.e.,“IL-19” and “IL-20.” IL-19 is expressed by LPS activated peripheralblood mononuclear cells, as reported by Gallagher, et al., Genes Immun1:442 (2000). As for IL-20, its biological activities have been studiedby using transgenic mice which overexpress the cytokine, where the geneis under the control of various promoters. Such mice, as reported byBlumberg, et al., Cell 104:9 (2001), are characterized by neonatallethality, and skin abnormalities, including aberrant epidermaldifferentiation, which is reminiscent of psoriasis lesions in humans.Blumberg, et al., have described the IL-20 receptor complex as aheterodimer of two orphan class II cytokine receptor subunits.Specifically, “CRF2-8,” for which the name “IL-20Rα” has been suggested,and “DIRS1”, for which IL-20Rβ” has been suggested.

Two other genes for IL-10 homologous cytokines, i.e., “AK155” and“IL-22” are located on human chromosome 12q15, near the IFN-γ gene.AK155 is a novel cytokine which is constitutively expressed in Tlymphocytes. It was found to be strongly upregulated by Herpes virussaimiri transformation of T lymphocytes. See Knappe, et al., J. Virol74:3381 (2000), incorporated by reference. The authors suggest thatAK155 plays a role in autocrine growth stimulation leading tospontaneous proliferation of T cells. The IL-22 molecule was originallydescribed as an IL-9 inducible gene, and was referred to as “IL-TIF,”for “IL-10 related T cell derived inducible factor.” See Dumoutier, etal., J. Immunol 164:1814 (2000), incorporated by reference, as well asPCT Application WO 00/24758, incorporated by reference and the U.S.priority applications referred to therein. The activities of IL-22include the induction of the acute phase response, especially inhepatocytes and they are mediated through a heterodimeric receptor whichconsists of the CRF2-9/IL-22R subunit, and the β chain of the IL-10receptor. See, e.g., Dumoutier, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA97:10144 (2000); Kotenko, et al., J. Biol. Chem 276:2725 (2000); Xie, etal., J. Biol. Chem 275:31335 (2000), all of which are incorporated byreference. Induction of the acute phase response is associated withinflammation, allergic responses, and cancer, thus suggesting thatmodulation of the interaction between IL-9 and IL-22 can lead toalleviation of these conditions. In addition to its cellular receptor,IL-22 binds to a secreted member of the class II cytokine receptorfamily, referred to as “IL-22BP,” or “IL-22 binding protein,” which actsas a natural IL-22 antagonist. See Dumoutier, et al., J. Immunol166:7090 (2001), Kotenko, et al., J. Immunol 166:7096 (2001),incorporated by reference. The 12q region, particularly the interferon γregion, has been linked to or associated with a variety of autoimmunediseases, such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease,rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes mellitus, allergies andasthma. This suggests that AK155 and/or IL-22 in view of the location ofthe genes encoding these cytokines, may be involved in one or more ofthese, or other, autoimmune diseases.

It will be understood from the above, that there are two classes ofcytokine receptors, i.e., class I and class II. Within the class Icytokine receptors, sharing of receptor subunits is a well recognizedphenomenon. Subfamilies have been defined as a result of thisphenomenon, including the gp130 and IL-2R families. In the case of classII receptors, however, the only example of a shared receptor up to nowhas been the IL-10Rβ chain, which is involved in both IL-10 and IL-22signaling. See Dumoutier, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 97:10144(2000); Kotenko, et al., J. Biol. Chem 276:2725 (2000); Xie, et al., J.Biol. Chem 275:31335 (2000) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/913,735,filed Jul. 26, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein, describesmembers of the Class II cytokine receptor family, and a newly observedcomplex of two of these, i.e., IL-20Rβ and, IL-22R. It is of interest todetermine the role of different class II cytokine receptors in thefunctions of different cytokines.

The disclosure which follows discusses the isolation and cloning of anew member of this family, referred to as “LICR-2.” A ligand for thisreceptor has been identified as AK155. These features of the invention,as well as others, are described in the Detailed Description whichfollows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Example 1

The protein sequence of IL-22BP was used for homology searching,together with TBLASTN software, to screen public libraries of the humangenome sequence. A region of homology was found on chromosome 1,positioned about 25 kilobases from the site of the IL-22R gene.

The region of the genome thus identified was analyzed further, using theNIX analysis program, developed by the UK Human Genome Mapping ProjectResource Center, with information atwww.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/Registered/Webapp/nix/, incorporated by reference.

The analysis suggested that the homologous sequence was a gene with 7exons. It will be referred to as “LICR-2” hereafter.

Example 2

The analysis programs mentioned supra suggested that the homologousregion was a gene with 7 exons. A series of experiments were designed todetermine the expression of the gene in various tissues. In brief,oligonucleotide probes based upon sequences found in exons 3 and 5 wereprepared, i.e.: gggaaccaag gagctgctatg, (SEQ ID NO: 1) and tggcactgaggcagtggtgtt, (SEQ ID NO: 2)and used in RT-PCR, following standard protocols.

The gene was found to be highly expressed in adrenal glands, kidney,heart, liver, testis, breast, skin and colon tissue. There was also goodexpression in lung, stomach, brain and uterine tissue.

Example 3

Given the analysis of the gene, additional experiments were carried outto amplify the predicted mRNA. For the experiments, primers based uponexons 1 and 7, i.e., aaggccatgg cggggcccga, (SEQ ID NO: 3) andcagaaggtca gtgtctgaag, (SEQ ID NO: 4)were used, in RT-PCR, again using standard methods. The resultingfragment was 1424 nucleotides long, which was the expected size, basedupon the primers used and the genetic analysis.

Following this work, the 3′ region was amplified from liver cell lineHepG2 RNA, using oligonucleotides acctgcttct tgctggaggt c (SEQ ID NO: 5)and catcagattc ggtgggatgt c, (SEQ ID NO: 6)which amplify a 951 base pair fragment extending over exons 5-7, andoverlapping with the 1424 base pair fragment described supra.

Both fragments were cloned and digested by XhoI at a restriction site atnucleotide 916 from the start codon, which was present on both amplifiedfragments. A full length ORF was reconstituted by ligation of the twofragments into plasmid pCEP4.

The nucleotide sequence is set forth at SEQ ID NO: 7. The ORF begins 7nucleotides from the 5′ end, and extends for 1560 nucleotides. The aminoacid sequence encoded by the ORF is presented at SEQ ID NO: 8. There isa potential signal peptide of approximately 20 amino acids at the Nterminus, predicted using the signal P program V1.1 located atwww.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP, incorporated by reference. This signalpeptide should be cleaved during translocation to the endoplasmicreticulum. A hydrophobic region between amino acids 229(F) and 249(W),provides indication that the molecule is a transmembrane protein, with atransmembrane domain at from about amino acid 229 to about amino acid245.

The extracellular portion of the amino acid sequence (predicted to runfrom about amino acid 21 to about amino acid 228) was compared to theextracellular portions of other cytokine receptors. Highest homology waswith IL-20R (24%). There was also 22% amino acid identity with IL-22BPand Il-20Rβ, and 21% identity with IL-22R.

There are several features which indicate that LICR-2 is a cytokinereceptor. These include the hydrophobic region at the start of the openreading frame, the hydrophobic region described supra (the putativetransmembrane domain), and the fact that the homology is completelywithin the approximately 200 amino acid extracellular domain. Also, themolecule contains several conserved amino acids seen in members of theClass II cytokine receptor family, as discussed Kotenko, et al.,Oncogene 19(21):2557-2565 (May 15, 2000), incorporated by reference.

The functional studies described infra support the conclusion thatLICR-2 is a cytokine receptor.

Example 4

An additional set of RT-PCR experiments were carried out on HepG2 cells,using the oligonucleotides set forth at SEQ ID NOS: 5 & 6 which arelocated on exons 7 and 5, and allowed the amplification of a splicevariant of LICR-2.

The protein translated by this splice variant lacks any transmembranedomain, suggesting it is a secreted, soluble receptor. The nucleotidesequence is set out at SEQ ID NO: 9. The ORF begins at nucleotide 7, andis 732 nucleotides long. The encoded protein is set forth at SEQ ID NO:10.

Example 5

Experiments were designed to check levels of expression of both LICR-2isoforms. To do this, RT-PCR was carried out with: ttcagtgtcc cgaatacagc (SEQ ID NO: 11) and aagaaggtgg ttcaatgag (SEQ ID NO: 12)which are located on exons 5 and 7. Following amplification, theamplification products were determined. The variants were found to beexpressed simultaneously, although the transmembrane form was expressedat higher levels.

Example 6

These experiments describe the identification of an LICR-2 ligand.

A fusion protein was made, comprising the extracellular portion ofLICR-2, and the region comprising the hinge, and the CH2 and CH3 domainsof murine IgG3 isotype heavy chain. This fusion protein, referred to as“LICR-2-Ig,” was made by first amplifying LICR-2 using a mutatedantisense primer, i.e., (SEQ ID NO: 13) tggcagcacc atgatcaccc agttggcttctgggacct,

and introduced a BclI site into the stop codon. The antibody region wasamplified from an anti-TNP IgG3 producing hybridoma, using: (SEQ ID NO:14) aagactgagt tgatcaagag aatcagagccttaga and (SEQ ID NO: 15) aatgtctagatgctgttctc atttacc,which contain BclI and XbaI sites, for cloning. After amplification,both PCR products were digested and cloned into pCEP4, under control ofthe CMV promoter. The resulting clones were sequenced via standardmethodologies.

HEK293-EBNA cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 3×10⁵ cells/well,and cultured for one day prior to transfection with LICR-2-Ig cDNA, asdescribed supra. Transfection was carried out via the well knownlipofectamine method using 2 μg of plasmid DNA, followed by incubationof the cells in 2 ml of standard culture medium for 4 days. Supernatantwas collected and used as a source of LICR-2-Ig. Supernatant collectedfrom cells transfected with IL-10R-Ig fusion cDNA was used as a control.

Interaction analysis was carried out via ELISA. In brief, plates werecoated with either recombinant AK155; Knappe, et al., J. Virol 74:3881-7(2000), incorporated by reference, recombinant human IL-22, or 0.02μg/ml of bovine serum albumin, and incubated with the test sampleovernight at 4° C. The test substance, in all cases, was mixed in 20 mMTris glycine buffer containing 30 mM NaCl, pH 9.2. After washing in PBSbuffer plus Tween 20 (1×10⁻⁴ v/v), plates were blocked with PBS plus 1%BSA for 4 hours. 50 μl of supernatant derived from cells transfectedwith LICR-2 or with control supernatant referred to supra were added,and the plates were incubated for 2 hours, at 37° C. Bound LICR-2-Ig wasdetected using anti-murine Ig polyclonal antibodies coupled toperoxidase. The reaction was developed by adding 100 μl of TMB (1.25mM), followed by 20 μl of H₂SO₄ (2M) to stop the reaction. Absorbancewas measured at 450 nm.

The results indicated that supernatants from cells that were transfectedwith LICR-2-Ig bound AK155, but not IL-22 or BSA. Supernatants fromcells transfected with IL-10R-Ig did not bind AK155, IL-22 or BSA.

These data indicate that LICR-2 is a receptor for AK155. The AK155molecule is itself a member of the IL-10 cytokine super family, having26% amino acid identity with IL-10, and 22.5% identity with IL-22.

Example 7

In view of the identification of AK155 as a ligand for LICR-2,experiments were designed to determine if LICR-2 was able to transduce asignal.

A fusion protein, referred to as “IL-10R-LICR-2,” comprising theextracellular portion of IL-10R and the intracellular portion of LICR-2was produced. This fusion protein was produced by first amplifyingextracellular IL-10R using: gctccatggg acgatgccgc tgtg, (SEQ ID NO: 16)and gtgaaatatt gctccgtcgt. (SEQ ID NO: 17)

These mutated primers introduce an NcoI site, and an SspI site intoresulting product. LICR-2 transmembrane and intracellular domains wereamplified using: gaagaatatt gggctttcct ggtgctg, (SEQ ID NO: 18) andcactgcattc tagttgtggt. (SEQ ID NO: 19)The former introduces an SspI site into amplification product.Amplification was carried out under standard conditions.

Following amplification, both PCR products were digested and cloned intopEF/myc/cyto plasmid under control of the EF-1 promoter. Clones weresequenced, using standard methods.

The IL-10R-LICR-2 chimeric receptor cDNA was transfected into HT-29cells which express IL-10Rβ endogenously. A luciferase reporter gene,which is controlled by a promoter that binds STAT transcription factors,was used to analyze the response to cytokines. To do this, cells werestimulated for 2 hours with or without IL-10 or IL-22, five hours aftertransfection. Parental cells do not express IL-10R, and do not respondto IL-10. The IL-22 was used as a positive control, because the HT-29cells express endogenous IL-22R, and are known to respond toIL-TIF/IL-22 by STAT activation.

After 2 hours, both IL-22 and IL-10 stimulated luciferase activity inthe transfected cells to approximately the same degree, demonstratingthat the cytoplasmic domain of LICR-2 can, in fact, activate STATtranscription factors.

The preceding examples disclose various aspects of this invention,including isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode LICR-2 moleculessuch as those with the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 or 9. It will beappreciated by one of ordinary skill that the degeneracy of the geneticcode facilitates the preparation of nucleic acid molecules which werenot be identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or 9, butwhich encode the same protein. Of course, SEQ ID NO: 7 and 9 arepreferred embodiments of this invention, but other embodiments are alsoa part of the invention. Genomic DNA, complementary DNA, and RNA, suchas messenger RNA, are all to be included therein. Isolated nucleic acidmolecules from other animal species, including other mammals, are also apart of the invention. A preferred aspect of the invention are isolatednucleic acid molecules whose complements hybridize to SEQ ID NO: 7 or 9under stringent conditions. “Stringent conditions,” as used herein,refer, for example, to hybridization at 65° C. in buffer (3.5×SSC),0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.02% bovine serum albumin, 25mM NaH₂PO₄ (pH 7), 0.1% SDS, 2 mM EDTA, followed by a final wash at2×SSC, room temperature and then 0.1×SSC/0.2×SDS at temperatures as highas, e.g., about 65° C. More stringent conditions, such as 0.1×SSC, canalso be used. These nucleic acid molecules encode proteins, such asthose with amino acid sequences set forth at SEQ ID NO: 8 or 10. Thereceptor of this invention may be found in glycosylated ornon-glycosylated, sulfated and non-sulfated forms, as well as with otherpost translational modifications such as, but not being limited to,acetylation, acylation, phosphorylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination,ADP-ribosylation, hydroxylation, glucosylphophatidyl inositide addition,oxidation, reduction and so forth. Also a part of the invention areisolated nucleic acid molecules which encode proteins having 30% ormore, preferably 45% or more, more preferably 50% or more, 60% or more,70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more, and most preferably 95% ormore amino acid identity with an amino acid sequence of a proteinencoded by SEQ ID NO: 7 or 9. In systems where the signal peptide is notnecessary, nucleic acid molecules lacking codons for all or part of thesignal peptide may be used, and are part of the invention.

Amino acid sequence identity may be determined using the algorithm GAP(Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) or similar algorithms. GAP usesthe Needleman and Wunsch algorithm to align two complete sequences andmaximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps.Generally, default parameters are used, with a gap creation penalty=12and gap extension penalty=4. Use of GAP may be preferred but otheralgorithms may be used, e.g. BLAST (which uses the method of Altschul,et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 405-410), FASTA (which uses the methodof Pearson and Lipman (1988) PNAS USA 85: 2444-2448), or theSmith-Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman (1981) J. Mol Biol. 147:195-197), generally employing default parameters.

Also a part of the invention are expression vectors which include thenucleic acid molecules of the invention, operably linked to a promoter,so as to facilitate expression of the DNA. It is well within the skillof the artisan to prepare such vectors.

The vectors, as well as the nucleic acid molecules per se, can be usedto prepare recombinant cells, such as isolated recombinant cells, bethese eukaryotic or prokaryotic, wherein either an expression vector orthe nucleic acid molecule itself is incorporated therein. E. coli cells,COS cells, CHO cells, Sf9 cells, HEK293 cells, etc., are all examples oftypes of cells which may be used in accordance with this aspect of theinvention.

Generally, nucleic acid molecules employed to produce a polypeptide orfragment thereof according to the present invention are provided asisolates, in isolated and/or purified form, or free or substantiallyfree of material with which they are naturally associated, such as freeor substantially free of nucleic acid molecules flanking the gene in thehuman genome, except possibly one or more regulatory sequence(s) forexpression. Nucleic acid molecules may be wholly or partially syntheticand may include genomic DNA, cDNA or RNA.

Nucleic acid molecules encoding the peptides or polypeptides of thepresent invention can be readily prepared by the skilled person usingthe information and references contained herein and techniques known inthe art (for example, see Sambrook and Russell “Molecular Cloning, ALaboratory Manual”, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001, and Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, JohnWiley and Sons, 1992, or later edition thereof).

In order to obtain expression of a nucleic acid molecule of theinvention, this may be incorporated in a vector having one or morecontrol sequences operably linked to the nucleic acid molecule tocontrol its expression. Vectors may be chosen or constructed. These maycontain appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences,terminator fragments, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences,marker genes and other sequences as appropriate, e.g. nucleotidesequences so that the polypeptide or peptide is produced as a fusionand/or nucleic acid encoding secretion signals so that the polypeptideor peptide produced in the host cell is secreted from the cell. Vectorsmay be plasmids, viral e.g. phage, or phagemid, as appropriate. Encodedproduct may then be obtained by transforming the vectors into host cellsin which the vector is functional, culturing the host cells so that theproduct is produced and recovering the product from the host cells orthe surrounding medium.

A further aspect of the invention provides a method which includesintroducing a nucleic acid molecule of the invention into a host cell.The introduction, which might (particularly for in vitro introduction)be generally referred to without limitation as “transformation” or“transfection”, may employ any available technique. For eukaryoticcells, suitable techniques may include calcium phosphate transfection,DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection andtransduction using retrovirus or other virus, e.g. vaccinia or, forinsect cells, baculovirus. For bacterial cells, suitable techniques mayinclude calcium chloride transformation, electroporation andtransfection using bacteriophages. As an alternative, direct injectionof the nucleic acid could be employed. Marker genes such as antibioticresistance or sensitivity genes may be used in identifying clonescontaining the nucleic acid molecule of interest, as is well known inthe art.

The introduction may be followed by causing or allowing expression ofthe nucleic acid molecule, e.g. by culturing host cells (which mayinclude cells actually transformed although more likely the cells willbe descendants of the transformed cells) under conditions for expressionof the gene, so that the encoded product is produced. If the product asexpressed is coupled to an appropriate signal leader peptide, it may besecreted from the cell into the culture medium. Following production byexpression, a product may be isolated and/or purified from the host celland/or culture medium, as the case may be, and subsequently used asdesired, e.g. in an assay or test as disclosed herein. Note also thatexpression may also be carried out other systems, such as cell free, orin vitro systems, e.g. reticulocyte lysate.

Following production of a polypeptide or peptide as identified herein,it may be tested for ability to modulate binding of ligands like AK155to LICR-2.

LICR-2 encoding nucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof may be usedas probes to detect and quantify mRNAs encoding LICR-2. Assays whichutilize oligonucleotide probes to detect sequences comprising all orpart of a known gene sequence are well known in the art. LICR-2 mRNAlevels may indicate emerging and/or existing disorders as well as theonset and/or progression of other human diseases. Therefore, assayswhich can detect and quantify LICR-2 mRNA may provide a valuablediagnostic tool.

Anti-sense LICR-2 RNA molecules are useful therapeutically to inhibitthe translation of LICR-2 encoding mRNA where the therapeutic objectiveinvolves a desire to eliminate the presence of LICR-2 or to downregulateits levels. LICR-2 anti-sense RNA, for example, could be useful as anLICR-2 antagonizing agent in the treatment of diseases in which LICR-2is involved in or is a causative agent, for example due to itsoverexpression.

Additionally, LICR-2 anti-sense RNAs are useful in elucidating LICR-2functional mechanisms.

Another aspect of the invention is the use of fragments of the nucleicacid molecules of the invention, e.g., oligonucleotides, in assays, suchas hybridization assays. The polymerase chain reaction, or “PCR” is oneexample of such assays, which are well known to the art.Oligonucleotides in accordance with this aspect of the invention mayvary in length, but preferably consist of from 17 to 100 nucleotides,more preferably 17 to 50, and most preferably 17-25 oligonucleotides SEQID NOS: 1-6 are exemplary of such oligonucleotides.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a host cellcontaining a heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptideor peptide as disclosed herein. The nucleic acid molecule of theinvention may be integrated into the genome (e.g. chromosome) of thehost cell. Integration may be promoted by inclusion of sequences whichpromote recombination with the genome, in accordance with standardtechniques. The nucleic acid molecule may be on an extra-chromosomalvector within the cell, or otherwise identifiably heterologous orforeign to the cell. Still another aspect of the invention relates tonon-human animal models, wherein the model has been treated so as torender the gene for LICR-2 inactive. One example of such a model is aso-called “knock-out” animal, where the non-human animal may be, e.g., arodent, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, etc.

Proteins encoded by the above referenced nucleic acid molecules,preferably in isolated form, are another feature of this invention. By“protein” is meant both the immediate product of expression of thenucleic acid molecules, glycosylated or other post-traslationallymodified forms of it, forms of the molecule following peptide signalcleavage, such as mature and/or processed forms of the protein, as wellas multimeric forms, such as dimers, trimers, and so forth. Also a partof the invention are multimers, such as dimers, which contain at leastone protein molecule of the invention, and at least one, different,protein molecule. These multimers may be homomeric or heteromeric, suchas heteromeric forms that include at least one molecule of a differentsoluble receptor, a transmembrane receptor, and so forth. Exemplary ofthe subunits which may be a part of these multimers are CRF 2-4, CRF 2-9(IL-22R), IL-10R, IL-10Rβ, IL-20Rα, IL-20Rβ, and so forth. Thesemolecules are all known to bind IL-10 homologous cytokines, asheterodimers. Such multimers may bind only a single specific ligand.Also a part of the invention are complexes of an LICR-2 molecule and aligand, such as AK155 which then act as heteromeric cytokines intransmembrane receptors. Such structures parallel, e.g., the structureof IL-12. Also a feature of this invention is a protein consisting ofthe sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or 10. Also included as a featureof this invention are proteins that are essentially identical to thesequence in SEQ ID NO: 8 or 10 having only conservative amino acidsubstitutions. Also included as a feature of the inventions areconstructs, such as fusion proteins, where all or a part of the proteinsdescribed supra are linked in some fashion, e.g., to a “fusion partner”of at least one additional protein or peptide, or amino acid sequence.The “fusion partner” may be, for example, a molecule which provides arecognizable signal, either directly or indirectly, such as a FLAGpeptide, β-galactosidase, luciferase, an Fc immunoglobulin, the Igmolecule portions described herein, a fluorescent protein, such as “GFP”(green fluorescent protein), and so forth. Other labels, such asradiolabels, particles, other enzymes, and metals such as gold sols, mayalso be used. These fusion partners are preferably joined to themolecule which is described supra at the N- and/or C-terminus of theprotein; however, it is to be understood that there are many techniquesknown for joining molecules to amino acids, and any and all of thesemethodologies can produce constructs which are a part of the invention.The nucleic acid molecules encoding these fusion proteins are also partof the invention.

The proteins preferably consist of at least about 224 and no more thanabout 520 amino acids. More preferably, the protein consists of about244-520, amino acids. Preferably, the amino acids sequences consist ofor comprise all or part of the amino acid sequences encoded by SEQ IDNO: 8 or 10, such as proteins which lack the first 20 amino acids. Suchproteins can be produced via, e.g., transforming host cells with one ormore nucleic acid molecules or expression vectors in accordance with theinvention, culturing the transformant, and then isolating the resulting,recombinant protein.

A “fragment” of a polypeptide generally means a stretch of amino acidresidues of at least about five contiguous amino acids, often at leastabout seven contiguous amino acids, typically at least about ninecontiguous amino acids, more preferably at least about 13 contiguousamino acids, and, more preferably, at least about 20 to 30 or morecontiguous amino acids. A peptide fragment may be 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, 5to 10, 5 to 20, 10 to 20, 10-30, 20-30, 20-40, 30-40 or more than 40amino acids in length. For example, a fragment of LICR-2 may include afunctional domain of LICR-2, may include a functional domain of LICR-2,such as an extracellular or intracellular domain, or soluble fragmentswhich retain LICR-2 binding activity.

As noted, peptides may be made recombinantly by expression of encodingnucleic acid molecules. Peptides can also be generated wholly or partlyby chemical synthesis. They can be readily prepared according towell-established, standard liquid or, preferably, solid-phase peptidesynthesis methods, general descriptions of which are broadly available(see, for example, J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase PeptideSynthesis, 2^(nd) edition, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.(1984), in M. Bodanzsky and A. Bodanzsky, The Practice of PeptideSynthesis, Springer Verlag, New York (1984); and Applied Biosystems 430AUsers Manual, ABI Inc., Foster City, Calif.), or they may be prepared insolution, by liquid phase method or by any combination of solid-phase,liquid phase and solution chemistry, e.g., by first completing therespective peptide portion and then, if desired and appropriate, afterremoval of any protecting groups being present, by introduction of theresidue by reaction of the respective carbonic or sulfonic acid or areactive derivative thereof.

It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the proteins andpeptides encoded by the above recited nucleic acid molecules are afeature of the invention, and may be used to produce antibodies, inaccordance with standard protocols. Such antibodies, in monoclonal andpolyclonal form, constitute a further feature of the invention as dofragments of said antibodies, chimeric forms, humanized forms,recombinant forms, hybridoma cell lines which produce the antibodies andso forth.

Antibody molecules directed to LICR-2, especially a region involved inbinding to AK155, are also provided as a further aspect of the presentinvention. Such antibody molecules are useful for inhibiting LICR-2binding to ligands, such as AK155, and thus abrogating LICR-2 mediatedactivities. Similarly, the invention encompasses antibodies whichinhibit formation of hetero- or homo-complexes of LICR-2 and otherreceptor molecules. Antibodies can also be used to purify LICR-2.

Antibody molecules may be obtained using techniques which are standardin the art. Methods of producing antibodies include immunizing a mammal(e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, horse, goat, sheep or monkey) with therelevant polypeptide, a peptide fragment thereof, cells transfected withcDNA encoding LICR-2, or expression vectors containing LICR-2 cDNA.Antibody molecules may be obtained from immunized animals using any of avariety of techniques known in the art and screened, preferably usingbinding of antibody to antigen of interest. For instance, Westernblotting techniques or immunoprecipitation may be used (Armitage, etal., 1992, Nature 357: 80-82). Isolation of antibodies and/orantibody-producing cells from an animal may be accompanied by a step ofsacrificing the animal.

As an alternative or supplement to immunizing a mammal with a peptide orpolypeptide, an antibody molecule may be obtained from a recombinantlyproduced library of expressed immunoglobulin variable domains, e.g.using lambda bacteriophage or filamentous bacteriophage which displayfunctional immunoglobulin binding domains on their surfaces. See patentapplication WO92/01047, incorporated by reference for an example ofthis.

Antibody molecules in accordance with the present invention may bemodified in a number of ways. Indeed the term “antibody molecule” shouldbe construed as covering antibody fragments and derivatives able to bindantigen. Examples of antibody fragments capable of binding an antigen orother binding partner are the Fab fragment consisting of the VL, VH, C1and CH1 domains; the Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains;the Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm ofan antibody; the dAb fragment which consists of a VH domain; isolatedCDR regions and F(ab′)₂ fragments, a bivalent fragment including two Fabfragments linked by a disulphide bridge at the hinge region. Singlechain Fv fragments are also included.

Hybridomas capable of producing antibodies with desired bindingcharacteristics are within the scope of the present invention, as arehost cells, eukaryotic or prokaryotic, containing nucleic acid moleculesencoding antibodies (including antibody fragments) and capable of theirexpression. The invention also provides methods of production of theantibody molecules including growing a cell capable of producing theantibody under conditions in which the antibody is produced, andpreferably secreted. Such methods generally comprise isolation orpurification of antibody molecules from the cells or culture medium.

The reactivities of antibody molecules with a sample may be determinedby any appropriate means. Tagging with individual reporter molecules isone possibility. The reporter molecules may directly or indirectlygenerate detectable, and preferably measurable, signals. The linkage ofreporter molecules may be directly or indirectly, covalently, e.g. via apeptide bond or non-covalently. Linkage via a peptide bond may be as aresult of recombinant expression of a fusion gene encoding antibody andreporter molecule. The mode of determining binding is not a feature ofthe present invention and those skilled in the art are able to choose asuitable mode according to their preference and general knowledge.

Antibody molecules may also be used in purifying and/or isolating apolypeptide chain of the invention, or a peptide fragment, for instancefollowing production of a polypeptide by expression from encodingnucleic acid molecules. Antibody molecules may be useful in atherapeutic context (which may include prophylaxis) to disrupt bindingof polypeptides or other molecules with a view to inhibiting therelevant biological function or activity. In addition, antibodies whichprevent ligands from binding to LICR-2, and antibodies which bind toreceptor complexes which include LICR-2 are a part of the invention, asare antibodies which prevent LICR-2 from forming complexes, be thesehetero or homo complexes, with other receptors molecules. Similarly, itwas pointed out, supra, that LICR-2 molecules have extracellular,transmembrane, and intracellular domains. Antibodies specific to thesedomains or fragments of LICR-2 molecules are also a feature of theinvention, as are anti-LICR antibody molecules, which can be used in,e.g., immunoassays.

Antibodies to LICR-2 may be used in the qualitative and quantitativedetection of any and all forms of LICR-2, in the affinity purificationof LICR-2 polypeptides, and in the elucidation of LICR-2 biosynthesis,metabolism and function. Detection of LICR-2 activity may be used as anenzymatic means of generating and amplifying a LICR-2 specific signal insuch assays. Antibodies to LICR-2 may also be useful as diagnostic andtherapeutic agents.

Anti-LICR-2 antibodies may be used to diagnose and quantify LICR-2 invarious contexts. For example, antibodies against various domains ofLICR-2 may be used as a basis for LICR-2 immunoassays orimmunohistochemical assessment of LICR-2. Anti-LICR-2 antibodies mayalso be useful in studying the amount of LICR-2 on cell surfaces.

Antibodies may be produced which function as LICR-2 ligand agonists orantagonists whereby the regulation of LICR-2 activity becomes possible.Also, random peptides may be produced by synthetic means or berecombinant means from random oligonucleotides and the ones shownspecific binding to the LICR-2 receptor may be selected with the aid ofthe LICR-2 extracellular domain. Such peptide segments also may beselected from a phage display library using the extracellular domain ofLICR-2, using methods standard in the art. Such peptides may haveagonistic or antagonistic activity. LICR-2 antibodies may also providevaluable diagnostic tools after conjugation to various compounds for invivo imaging of LICR-2 expressing cells and tissues or tumors. Forexample, monoclonal antibodies against LICR-2 may be coupled eithercovalently or noncovalently to a suitable supramagnetic, paramagnetic,electron-dense, echogenic or radioactive agent to produce a targetedimaging agent. Antibody fragments generated by proteolysis or chemicaltreatments or molecules produced by using the epitope binding domains ofthe monoclonal antibodies could be substituted for the intact antibody.This imaging agent would then serve as a contrast reagent for X-ray,magnetic resonance, sonographic or scintigraphic imaging of the humanbody for diagnostic purposes.

Also a feature of the invention are immunogens, comprising all or a partof the amino acid sequence of protein molecules of the invention,preferably combined with an adjuvant, such as Complete or IncompleteFreund's Adjuvant. An immunogenic or antigenic fragment of LICR-2 usefulfor obtaining antibody molecules may comprise or consist of one or moreepitopes of LICR-2. Linear epitopes are generally 5-8 amino acids inlength, and peptides consisting of or comprising one or more epitopes orantigenic determinants of LICR-2 are provided as a further aspect of theinvention. Portions of the protein sequences may be linked to othermolecules, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, to render them moreimmunogenic. The domains of LICR-2 molecules, such as those discussedsupra, can also be used as immunogens to prepare, e.g., domain specificantibodies.

As noted, peptides may be made recombinantly by expression of encodingnucleic acid. molecules Peptides can also be generated wholly or partlyby chemical synthesis. They can be readily prepared according towell-established, standard liquid or, preferably, solid-phase peptidesynthesis methods, general descriptions of which are broadly available(see, for example, J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase PeptideSynthesis, 2nd edition, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill. (1984),in M. Bodanzsky and A. Bodanzsky, The Practice of Peptide Synthesis,Springer Verlag, New York (1984); and Applied Biosystems 430A UsersManual, ABI Inc., Foster City, Calif.), or they may be prepared insolution, by the liquid phase method or by any combination ofsolid-phase, liquid phase and solution chemistry, e.g. by firstcompleting the respective peptide portion and then, if desired andappropriate, after removal of any protecting groups being present, byintroduction of the residue by reaction of the respective carbonic orsulfonic acid or a reactive derivative thereof.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of obtainingan antibody directed against and preferably specific for LICR-2, themethod comprising bringing a population or panel of antibody moleculesof diverse binding specificity into contact with an LICR-2 polypeptideor an antigenic or immunogenic fragment thereof, and selecting one ormore antibody molecules that binds the polypeptide or fragment thereof.Preferably an antibody molecule that binds the polypeptide or fragmentthereof is tested for specificity of its binding for the polypeptide orfragment thereof, e.g. by testing binding on a panel of unrelatedantigens, for example by ELISA as is standard in the art. Preferably anantibody molecule specific for LICR-2 is identified.

A population of antibody molecules may for example be provided as aphage display library and brought into contact with the polypeptide orfragment thereof in vitro. Another of the various options available tothe skilled person is to administer a peptide or polypeptide to a mammalin order to raise an immune response. Antibody molecules and/or cellsproducing antibody molecules can be taken or harvested from the animalor its serum, and tested for the desired property or properties.

Once obtained, an antibody molecule can be formulated into a compositioncomprising at least one additional component, such as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient or carrier, and may be used as desired.

As noted, antibody molecules can be used, e.g., to determine if theproteins of the invention are present. This is a further feature of theinvention, as is explained elsewhere herein.

It has been shown, in the examples, that the nucleic acid molecules ofthe invention encode proteins that bind to AK155. Hence, a furtherfeature of the invention is a method of inhibiting AK155 activity, bycontacting a sample with an amount of the protein of this inventionsufficient to inhibit or block the activity of AK155. Especially,preferred are soluble forms of LICR-2, such as molecules encoded by allor a part of SEQ ID NO: 10.

One could also use the molecules of the invention to test the efficacyof AK155 agonists or antagonists when administered to a subject. Thus, afurther aspect of the invention is a method to determine activity ofendogenous AK155, such as in situations where excess AK155 activity isimplicated. One can also block or inhibit AK155 activity by blocking orinhibiting LICR-2 activity, using the molecules of this invention, suchas antibodies. The ability to regulate AK155 activity is important inconditions such as autocrine growth stimulation.

As noted, LICR-2 fragments that inhibit binding of AK155 to the receptormay be used, as may antibody molecules, and small molecules or otheragents identified using, for example, an assay of the invention asdisclosed herein. Accordingly, disclosure of aspects of the inventionmaking use of LICR-2 in therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic contextsshould be taken as disclosure of analogous aspects of the inventionmaking use of any one or more of an LICR-2 fragment or fragments, anantibody molecule that binds and preferably is specific for LICR-2,especially an antibody molecule that affects binding of LICR-2 to AK155,and an agent identified using an assay of the invention, able tomodulate LICR-2 binding to AK155.

Whether a protein, polypeptide, peptide, antibody molecule, smallmolecule or other substance is to be employed for a therapeutic purpose,e.g. in treatment of a condition identified herein, in various furtheraspects, the present invention further provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition, medicament, drug or other composition for such a purpose,the composition comprising one or more such substances, the use of sucha substance in a method of medical treatment, a method comprisingadministration of such a substance to a patient, e.g. for treatment(which may include preventative treatment) of a medical condition, useof such a substance in the manufacture of a composition, medicament ordrug for administration for such a purpose, e.g. for treatment of amedical condition, and a method of making a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising admixing such a substance with a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, vehicle or carrier, and optionally other ingredients.

Whatever the substance used in a method of medical treatment of thepresent invention, administration is preferably in a “prophylacticallyeffective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” (as the casemay be, although prophylaxis may be considered therapy), this beingsufficient to show benefit to the individual. The actual amountadministered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend onthe nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription oftreatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc, is within the responsibility ofgeneral practitioners and other medical doctors.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, and foruse in accordance with the present invention, may include, in additionto active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,buffer, stabiliser or other materials well known to those skilled in theart. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere withthe efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrieror other material will depend on the route of administration, which maybe oral, or by injection, e.g. cutaneous, subcutaneous or intravenous.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet,capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may include a solid carriersuch as gelatin or an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositionsgenerally include a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal orvegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological salinesolution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such asethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may beincluded.

For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection atthe site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of aparenterally acceptable aqueous solution or aerosol which ispyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those ofrelevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutionsusing, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection,Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives,stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may beincluded, as required.

Examples of techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Osol, A. (ed), 1980.

Instead of administering such substances directly, they may be producedin target cells by expression from an encoding nucleic acid introducedinto the cells, e.g. from a viral vector or as “naked” DNA administeredto the body. Nucleic acid encoding the substance e.g. a peptide able tomodulate, e.g. interfere with, the interaction of LICR-2 and AK155, maythus be used in methods of gene therapy, for instance in treatment ofindividuals, e.g. with the aim of preventing or curing (wholly orpartially) a disorder.

A polypeptide or peptide of the invention can be used in assaying foragents and substances that bind to LICR-2 polypeptide or have astimulating or inhibiting effect on the expression and/or activity ofLICR-2. In addition, the polypeptide or peptide of the invention canalso be used to assay for agents that, by affecting the association orinteraction between LICR-2 and AK155, modulate AK155 function in vivo.Formats that may be used in such assays are described in detail below,and may comprise determining binding between components in the presenceor absence of a test substance and/or determining ability of a testsubstance to modulate a biological or cellular function or activity inwhich binding of LICR-2 to AK155 plays a role. Assay methods thatinvolve determination of binding between components and the effect of atest substance on such binding need not necessarily utilize full-lengthwild-type polypeptide chains. For instance, fragments of LICR-2, such asthe extracellular domain that retain ability to bind AK155 may beemployed, and vice versa. Indeed, as discussed further below, fragmentsof the polypeptides themselves represent a category of putativeinhibitors, that may be used to interfere with binding betweenpolypeptides. Fusion proteins may also be used in such assays.

Examples of agents, candidate compounds or test compounds include, butare not limited to, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA), carbohydrates,lipids, proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules and otherdrugs. Agents can be obtained using any of the numerous approaches incombinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biologicallibraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phaselibraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the“one-bead one-compound” library method; and synthetic library methodsusing affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approachis limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches areapplicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule librariesof compounds (Lam, 1997, Anticancer Drug Des. 12:145; U.S. Pat. No.5,738,996; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,683, each of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety by reference).

Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can befound in the art, for example: DeWitt, et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 90:6909; Erb, et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:11422; Zuckermann, et al., 1994, J. Med. Chem. 37:2678; Cho, et al.,1993, Science 261:1303; Carrell, et al., 1994, Angew. Chem. Into. Ed.Engl. 33:2059; Carrell, et al., 1994, Angew. Chem. Into. Ed. Engl.33:2061; and Gallop, et al., 1994, J. Med. Chem. 37:1233, each of whichis incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Libraries of compounds may be presented, e.g., presented in solution(e.g., Houghten, 1992, Bio/Techniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam,1991, Nature 354:82-84), chips (Fodor, 1993, Nature 364:555-556),bacteria (U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,698;5,403,484; and 5,223,409), plasmids (Cull, et al., 1992, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 89:1865-1869) or phage (Scott and Smith, 1990, Science249:386-390; Devlin, 1990, Science 249:404-406; Cwirla, et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382; and Felici, 1991, J. Mol. Biol.222:301-310), each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety byreference.

The use of peptide libraries may be preferred in certain circumstances.The potential for binding between polypeptide chains of receptors of theinvention to be inhibited by means of peptide fragments of thepolypeptide chains has been mentioned already. Such peptide fragmentsmay consist of for example 10-40 amino acids, e.g. about 10, about 20,about 30 or about 40 amino acids, or about 10-20, 20-30 or 30-40 aminoacids. These may be synthesized recombinantly, chemically orsynthetically using available techniques.

In any assay method according to the invention, the amount of testsubstance or compound which may be added to an assay of the inventionwill normally be determined by trial and error depending upon the typeof compound used. Even a molecule which has a weak effect may be auseful lead compound for further investigation and development.

For example, the fact that domains of LICR-2 do in fact participate inSTAT activation, e.g., STAT phosphorylation, suggests that one canassess such agents by measuring STAT activation/phosphorylation. Methodsfor measuring these phenomena are known to the art and include, e.g.,immunoassays using antibodies specific for phosphorylated forms of STATmolecules, and/or reporter gene systems, such as luciferase undercontrol of a STAT-regulated promoter or promoters, and/or monitoringexpression of endogenous genes regulated by one or moe STAT molecules.

An additional type of assay which can be used combines the extracellulardomain of the LICR-2 molecules of the invention or equivalents thereofwith cytoplasmic domains of the EpoR receptor. The relevant molecules,as described supra are combined with the hybrid molecules, and cellproliferation is measured. Increased, proliferation is indicative of thepresence of a ligand and/or against of the LICR-2 molecules. In this, asin assays, it is of course necessary to run a control together with theassay.

In one embodiment, agents that interact with (i.e., bind to) an LICR-2molecule of the invention are identified in a cell-based assay system.In accordance with this embodiment, cells expressing an LICR-2 molecule,or a fragment of an LICR-2 molecule or an LICR-2 fusion protein arecontacted with a candidate compound or a control compound and theability of the candidate compound to interact with LICR-2 is determined.If desired, this assay may be used to screen a plurality (e.g., alibrary) of candidate compounds. The cell, for example, can be ofprokaryotic origin (e.g., E. coli) or eukaryotic origin (e.g., yeast ormammalian). Further, the cells can express an LICR-2 molecule, afragment of LICR-2 or an LICR-2 fusion protein endogenously or begenetically engineered to express an LICR-2 molecule, a fragment ofLICR-2, or an LICR-2 fusion protein. In certain instances, the LICR-2molecule, fusion protein or fusion protein or the candidate compound islabeled, for example with a radioactive label (such as ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹³¹I or⁹⁰Yt) or a fluorescent label (such as fluorescein isothiocyanate,rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehydeor fluorescamine) to enable detection of an interaction between LICR-2and a candidate compound. The ability of the candidate compound tointeract directly or indirectly with an LICR-2 molecule, a fragment ofLICR-2 or an LICR-2 fusion protein can be determined by methods known tothose of skill in the art. For example, the interaction between acandidate compound and an LICR-2 molecule, a fragment of LICR-2, or anLICR-2 fusion protein can be determined by flow cytometry, ascintillation assay, immunoprecipitation or Western blot analysis.

In another embodiment, agents that interact with (i.e., bind to) anLICR-2 molecule, an LICR-2 fragment (e.g., a functionally activefragment) or an LICR-2 fusion protein are identified in a cell-freeassay system. In accordance with this embodiment, a native orrecombinant LICR-2 molecule or fragment thereof, or an LICR-2 fusionprotein or fragment thereof, is contacted with a candidate compound or acontrol compound and the ability of the candidate compound to interactwith the LICR-2 molecule or LICR-2 fusion protein is determined. Ifdesired, this assay may be used to screen a plurality (e.g., a library)of candidate compounds. Preferably, the LICR-2 molecule, LICR-2 fragmentor the LICR-2 fusion protein is first immobilized, by, for example,contacting said LICR-2 molecule, fragment or fusion protein with animmobilized antibody which specifically recognizes and binds it, or bycontacting a purified preparation of said LICR-2 molecule, fragment orfusion protein with a surface designed to bind proteins. The LICR-2molecule, or LICR-2 fragment or LICR-2 fusion protein may be partiallyor completely purified (e.g., partially or completely free of otherpolypeptides) or part of a cell lysate. Further, the LICR-2 molecule orLICR-2 fragment may be a fusion protein comprising LICR-2 or abiologically active portion thereof, and a domain such asglutathionine-S-transferase. Alternatively, the LICR-2 molecule, LICR-2fragment or LICR-2 fusion protein can be biotinylated using techniqueswell known to those of skill in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, PierceChemicals; Rockford, Ill.). The ability of the candidate compound tointeract with an LICR-2 molecule, LICR-2 fragment or LICR-2 fusionprotein can be can be determined by methods known to those of skill inthe art.

In another embodiment, a cell-based assay system is used to identifyagents that bind to or modulate the activity of a protein, such as anenzyme, or a biologically active portion thereof, which is responsiblefor the production or degradation of an LICR-2 molecule or isresponsible for the post-translational modification of an LICR-2molecule. In a primary screen, a plurality (e.g., a library) ofcompounds are contacted with cells that naturally or recombinantlyexpress: (i) an LICR-2 molecule, an isoform of an LICR-2 molecule, anLICR-2 fusion protein, or a biologically active fragment of any of theforegoing; and (ii) a protein that is responsible for processing of anLICR-2 molecule in order to identify compounds that modulate theproduction, degradation, or post-translational modification of LICR-2.If desired, compounds identified in the primary screen can then beassayed in a secondary screen against cells naturally or recombinantlyexpressing the specific LICR-2 of interest. The ability of the candidatecompound to modulate the production, degradation or post-translationalmodification of an LICR-2 molecule can be determined by methods known tothose of skill in the art, including without limitation, flow cytometry,a scintillation assay, immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis.

In another embodiment, agents that competitively interact with (i.e.,bind to) an LICR-2 polypeptide are identified in a competitive bindingassay. In accordance with this embodiment, cells expressing an LICR-2polypeptide, LICR-2 fragment, or an LICR-2 fusion protein are contactedwith a candidate compound and a compound known to interact with LICR-2,for example, AK155; the ability of the candidate compound tocompetitively interact with said LICR-2 polypeptide, or LICR-2 fragment,is then determined. Alternatively, agents that competitively interactwith (i.e., bind to) an LICR-2 polypeptide, LICR-2 fragment, or LICR-2fusion protein are identified in a cell free system by contacting anLICR-2 polypeptide, LICR-2 fragment or LICR-2 fusion protein with acandidate compound and a compound known to interact with said LICR-2polypeptide, LICR-fragment or LICR-2 fusion protein. As stated above,the ability of the candidate compound to interact with an LICR-2polypeptide, LICR-fragment or LICR-2 fusion protein can be determined bymethods known to those of skill in the art. These assays, whethercell-based or cell-free, can be used to screen a plurality (e.g., alibrary) of candidate compounds.

In a preferred embodiment agents that competitively interact with anLICR-2 polypeptide are identified in a cell-free assay system bycontacting an LICR-2 polypeptide an LICR-2 fragment or LICR-2 fusionprotein with a candidate compound in the presence or absence of AK155.

In another embodiment, agents that modulate (i.e., upregulate ordownregulate) the expression of an LICR-2 polypeptide are identified bycontacting cells (e.g., cells of prokaryotic origin or eukaryoticorigin) expressing an LICR-2 polypeptide with a candidate compound or acontrol compound (e.g., phosphate buffered saline (PBS)) and determiningthe expression of an LICR-2 polypeptide, or mRNA encoding an LICR-2polypeptide. The level of expression of a selected LICR-2 polypeptide ormRNA encoding of LICR-2 polypeptide, in the presence of the candidatecompound is compared to the level of expression of an LICR-2 polypeptideor mRNA encoding an LICR-2 polypeptide in the absence of the candidatecompound (e.g., in the presence of a control compound). The candidatecompound can then be identified as a modulator of the expression of anLICR-2 polypeptide based on this comparison. For example, whenexpression of LICR-2 is significantly greater in the presence of thecandidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound isidentified as a stimulator of expression of LICR-2. Alternatively, whenexpression of LICR-2 is significantly less in the presence of thecandidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound isidentified as an inhibitor of the expression of LICR-2. The level ofexpression of LICR-2 or the mRNA that encodes it can be determined bymethods known to those of skill in the art. For example, mRNA expressioncan be assessed by Northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, and protein levelscan be assessed by Western blot analysis.

In another embodiment, agents that modulate the activity of an LICR-2polypeptide are identified by contacting a preparation containing anLICR-2 polypeptide, or cells (e.g., prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells)expressing an LICR-2 polypeptide with a test compound or a controlcompound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate(e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of said LICR-2 polypeptide.The activity of an LICR-2 polypeptide can be assessed by detectinginduction of a cellular signal transduction pathway of an LICR-2polypeptide (e.g., intracellular Ca2+, diacylglycerol, IP3, STATactivation etc.), detecting catalytic or enzymatic activity of thetarget on a suitable substrate, detecting catalytic or enzymaticactivity of the target on a suitable substrate, detecting the inductionof a reporter gene (e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to anLICR-2 polypeptide and is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding adetectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a cellular response,for example, cellular differentiation, or cell proliferation. Based onthe present description, techniques known to those of skill in the artcan be used for measuring these activities (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,401,639, which is incorporated herein by reference). The candidatecompound can then be identified as a modulator of the activity of anLICR-2 polypeptide by comparing the effects of the candidate compound tothe control compound. Suitable control compounds include phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) and normal saline (NS).

In another embodiment, agents that modulate (i.e., upregulate ordownregulate) the expression, activity or both the expression andactivity of an LICR-2 polypeptide are identified in an animal model.Examples of suitable animals include, but are not limited to, mice,rats, rabbits, monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs and cats. Preferably, theanimal used represents a model of autoimmune diseases. In accordancewith this embodiment, the test compound or a control compound isadministered (e.g., orally, rectally or perenterally such asintraperitoneally or intravenously) to a suitable animal and the effecton the expression, activity or both expression and activity of LICR-2polypeptide is determined. Changes in the expression of an LICR-2polypeptide can be assessed by the methods outlined above.

An LICR-2 polypeptide can be used as a “bait protein” in a two-hybridassay or a three-hybrid assay to identify other proteins, includingnatural ligands, that bind to or interact with an LICR-2 polypeptide.

For example, an LICR-2 polypeptide of the invention may be fused to aDNA binding domain such as that of the yeast transcription factor GAL4.The GAL4 transcription factor includes two functional domains. Thesedomains are the DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD) and the GAL4transcriptional activation domain (GAL4TAD). By fusing a firstpolypeptide component of the assay to one of those domains, and a secondpolypeptide component of the assay to the respective counterpart, afunctional GAL4 transcription factor is restored only when the twopolypeptides interact. Thus, interaction of these polypeptides may bemeasured by the use of a reporter gene linked to a GAL4 DNA binding sitewhich is capable of activating transcription of said reporter gene.

This two hybrid assay format is described by Fields and Song, 1989,Nature 340: 245-246. It can be used in both mammalian cells and inyeast. Other combinations of DNA binding domain and transcriptionalactivation domain are available in the art and may be preferred, such asthe LexA DNA binding domain and the VP60 transcriptional activationdomain.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, such binding proteins arelikely to be involved in the propagation of signals by LICR-2polypeptides of the invention, including upstream or downstream elementsof a signalling pathway involving the LICR-2 polypeptides of theinvention.

The precise format of any of the screening or assay methods of thepresent invention may be varied by those of skill in the art usingroutine skill and knowledge. The skilled person is well aware of theneed to employ appropriate control experiments.

Performance of an assay method according to the present invention may befollowed by isolation and/or manufacture and/or use of a compound,substance or molecule which tests positive for ability to modulate therelevant interaction or affect the relevant biological function oractivity. Following identification of a suitable agent, it may beinvestigated further, and may be modified or derivatized to alter one ormore properties, without abolishing its ability to modulate the relevantinteraction or affect the relevant biological function. For instance, asingle chain Fv antibody molecule may be reformatted into a wholeantibody comprising antibody constant regions, e.g. an IgG antibody. Anypeptidyl molecule may be modified by addition, substitution, insertionor deletion of one or more amino acids, or by joining of an additionmoiety or protein domain. An active agent may be subject to molecularmodelling in silico and one or more mimetics of the originallyidentified agent may be created.

Furthermore, an active agent of the invention may be manufactured and/orused in preparation, i.e., manufacture or formulation, of a compositionsuch as a medicament, pharmaceutical composition or drug. These may beadministered to individuals, as discussed.

A compound, whether a peptide, antibody, small molecule or othersubstance found to have the ability to affect binding betweenpolypeptide chains of a receptor of the invention or binding of such areceptor to a ligand has therapeutic and other potential in a number ofcontexts. For therapeutic treatment such a compound may be used incombination with any other active substance.

Generally, such a substance identified according to the presentinvention and to be subsequently used is provided in an isolated and/orpurified form, i.e. substantially pure. This may include being in acomposition where it represents at least about 90% active ingredient,more preferably at least about 95%, more preferably at least about 98%.Such a composition may, however, include inert carrier materials orother pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable excipients. Thus,a composition may consist of the active ingredient obtained using theinvention, and an inert carrier. Furthermore, a composition according tothe present invention may include in addition to a modulator compound asdisclosed, one or more other molecules of therapeutic use.

Also a part of this invention is a method for determining the presenceof the receptor-like antagonist of this invention in a tissue or cellsample comprising contacting said sample with an antibody specific forsaid receptor-like antagonist and determining binding therebetween.Methods for determining the binding of an antibody and its antigen arewell known to those of skill in the art and need not be elaboratedherein.

The receptor protein of this invention may also be used to determine thepresence of AK155 in a sample by, e.g., labeling said receptor-likebinding protein and then contacting said sample with said receptor-likeantagonist and determining binding therebetween wherein said binding isindicative of the presence of AK155. Alternatively, one may determinethe presence of AK155 in a sample by treating a cell line that isresponsive to AK155 to two aliquots of said sample, one containing thereceptor-like binding protein and one without the receptor-like bindingprotein, then measuring and comparing the response of said responsivecell to the two aliquots wherein a difference in response to the twoaliquots is indicative of the presence of AK155. In the alternative,cells that are responsive to AK155 can be used in such assays. Toelaborate, cells which show some type of response to AK155, can be usedto screen for presence and/or amount of LICR-2 in a sample. For example,assuming that the cell is incubated in the sample in question togetherwith LICR-2, any observed change in the response, is indicative ofLICR-2 in said sample. The situation seems to be analogous for HVS, inwhich the overexpression of ak155 is one of rare changes between nativeand transformed T cells. AK155 is a good candidate to play a role in theautocrine growth stimulation leading to spontaneous proliferation of Tcells after HVS infection.

The soluble LICR-2 molecules described herein are further examples ofsoluble, cytokine receptors generated in vivo. See, e.g. Rose-John, etal., Biochem J. 300: 281 (1994); Fernandez-Botran, et al., Adv. Immunol63:269 (1996). Heaney, et al., Blood 87: 845 (1996). Soluble cytokinereceptors compete with cell surface receptors for binding to free orunbound cytokine molecules. With the exception of IL-6R, this bindingprevents cytokines from reaching the cell membrane and generating asignal. The binding is generally reversible, leading to temporarysequestration of the cytokine from membrane receptors. Soluble cytokinereceptors also enhance the activity of cytokines by increasing theirstability, decreasing proteolytic degradation, or reducing clearance.Such functions, i.e., as cytokine carriers in vivo, are seen to helppotentate the systemic effect of cytokines, with the antagonistic effectbeing pertinent to paracrine and autocrineculture medium activities.Proteins of the invention may be used to manufacture medicaments fortreating AK155 mediated disease. Further, one can carry out assays foragents which moderate the binding of proteins in accordance with theinvention, by contacting an AK155 polypeptide or fragment with a proteinof the invention or a fragment thereof, and a test substance, underconditions in which where the test substance is not an inhibitor ofbinding of the protein to AK155, the protein or fragment thereof bindsthe AK155 polypeptide or fragment thereof. The binding of the ClassII-cytokine receptor polypeptide or fragment thereof to the AK155polypeptide or fragment thereof is then determined, to identify agentswhich modulate binding. One can add an additional step to the assay, bytesting the agent for its ability to modulate an AK155 mediatedactivity. Further, the agent can be formulated into a composition withone or more additional components, such as into a medicament useful intreating an AK155-mediated disorder. The AK155 or cytokine receptorbinding protein can be contacted with the putative binding modulatingagent either in vitro or in vivo, such as via administrating thematerial to an agent in need thereof. The agent may be an antibodymolecule, but other materials, such as peptide fragments of AK155, orproteins of the invention, may also be used.

Other features of the invention will be clear to the artisan and neednot be discussed further.

The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms ofdescription and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the useof such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of thefeatures shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognizedthat various modifications are possible within the scope of theinvention.

1-37. (canceled)
 38. Isolated antibody which specifically binds to anisolated protein encoded by an isolated nucleic acid molecule whichencodes a cytokine receptor, wherein the complementary nucleotidesequence of said isolated nucleic acid molecule, hybridizes, understringent conditions, to SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO:
 9. 39. The antibodyof claim 38, wherein said antibody is monoclonal antibody.
 40. Hybridomacell line which produces the monoclonal antibody of claim 39.